Punctured lung symptoms nhs Pneumothorax (punctured lung): This is an air leak that can occur after certain types of biopsies (especially transbronchial biopsies) are taken– your doctor will discuss this with you prior to the test. This air becomes trapped between the space between the outside of the lung and the inside of the ribcage (an area called the pleural space). Weirdest thing ever. It. When the puncture has healed, you will no longer need the talk to you about fixing your lung to the chest wall. However, severe traumatic pneumothorax may require surgery. Sometimes, part of the rib can break off completely and “float,” or move 2 days ago · A punctured lung can be repaired with chest tube and oxygen to alleviate air. What was worse was when driving or hitting a bump or walking down stairs, it felt like my stomach, lung, esophagus etc. Jul 21, 2023 · The symptoms of a punctured lung can vary. ” A Mystery in the Genetics Hemopneumothorax is when you have blood (hemothorax) and air (pneumothorax, or collapsed lung) in your pleural space at the same time, which makes it difficult or impossible for your lung to fully inflate. Symptoms of punctured lung need to be known to avoid the dangers of a punctured lung. Alternative Names. Causes. It can make the chest feel tight and breathing difficult. It is a common lung injury after blunt trauma to the chest wall. certain types of chest infections, diseases causing lung scarring, connective tissue diseases, or cancers affecting the lung. Previous estimates had put this risk closer to one in 200,000 people. Jan 31, 2022 · For example, a punctured lung or collapsed lung can occur as a result of a car accident and have severe consequences. This involves injecting dye into a drip in your arm or hand which then travels to your heart and is pumped through your lungs. Mar 10, 2025 · Once your doctor rules out a muscle pull and suspects a possible lung infection, he/she will take a chest x-ray. Then what should you do for a better recovery? Guidelines for Punctured Lung Recovery 1. The valve allows the lung to re-expand and the air leak to heal. less volume of air that they can inhale and exhale, when breathing to 1 day ago · “The good news is that the punctured lung usually happens 10 to 20 years before the individual shows symptoms of kidney cancer, so we can keep an eye on them, screen them every year, and if we see the tumor it should still be early enough to cure it. It causes the heart and lungs to stop working properly and is a medical emergency. 4F) or above; chills; sweats; aches and pains; headache; a general sense of feeling unwell; When to seek emergency medical advice If there are any changes in diabetic symptoms, then patients should consult their GP. When the air pressure is higher in the chest cavity . A break in one of the middle ribs that causes a jagged bone edge to penetrate the lung could potentially cause the lung to collapse. When to see a doctor. The air enters this space either from the lung or from outside the body. This can happen if there is a hole in the lung or in the chest wall. Apr 24, 2024 · This develops as a complication of an existing lung disease, particularly those which weaken the edge of the lung, making it more likely to tear. The word pneumothorax means air in the thorax. A pneumothorax is a condition that happens when you develop a tiny tear on the outer part of your lung. Usually, the greater the portion of the lung that has collapsed, the worse the symptoms are. A pneumothorax can happen for a variety of reasons but is often caused by an area of the lung lining becoming thinned Normally this space is very small and only contains some lubricating fluid, but lung damage means air leaks into the space as well. In this condition, the lung collapses after minimal or no trauma. It is confirmed by a chest x-ray. It's rare, but this can happen when endometrial tissue grows outside your uterus to form cysts that bleed into A pneumothorax occurs when the air leaks from the lung causing it to collapse. In a Oct 20, 2022 · The lung can also be punctured during certain medical procedures, such as a biopsy or venous catheterization. 3. ” مجموعة كبيرة من الصور -Broken Rib Punctured Lung. Shoulder Blade Squeezes: Begin sitting or standing tall with your back straight. Who is at risk for pneumothorax? Sometimes, very tall, thin people are prone to a spontaneous pneumothorax. The ambulance team should check for symptoms of a pneumothorax, such as chest pain or shortness of breath. The symptoms and vital signs of a punctured lung include: Fatigue, dizzy and headache; Coughing, which can also expel blood unresolved pneumothorax (punctured lung) sickle cell anaemia; unstable mental health or psychotic illness; Consideration of security measures Security restrictions on the type of equipment and fluids which can be taken into the aircraft cabin might affect what medical equipment or medication you can bring with you for use during a flight. May 29, 2024 · Spontaneous Pneumothorax (Primary and Secondary) Spontaneous pneumothorax is any sudden onset of a punctured lung with unknown cause. Any symptoms you still have should therefore continue to improve. Squeeze your shoulder blades together as far as you can go without Pneumothorax, also called a collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. Temporary discomfort for a few days after your injection. Prevention This happens when an air-filled blister (bleb) on the lung ruptures and releases air into the pleural space. Tumor. The pneumothorax may be getting larger. Pneumothorax (puncture of the lung - only with intercostal or suprascapular nerve blocks) Aug 20, 2019 · The sharp end of a displaced broken rib may puncture the lung, for example. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath and a dry cough. This may cause the lung to partially or fully collapse, and symptoms may vary from mild to severe chest pain and/or shortness of breath. nhs. See full list on healthline. If only part of the lung is affected, it is called atelectasis. May 1, 2024 · Your lung gets punctured during a lung biopsy or other medical procedure. Over time, this can also lead to lung tissue damage, heart damage and prevent you from having enough oxygen circulating in your body. However, lack of oxygen can cause other issues within the body as well. If it is a total collapse, it is called pneumothorax. A small pneumothorax may cause few or no symptoms. Recognising the Symptoms of a Punctured Lung. Other signals that the problem may be a collapsed lung are: Sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens when trying to breath in; Shortness of breath; Bluish skin caused by a lack of oxygen; Fatigue; Rapid breathing and heartbeat breathe normally and cough when you need to – this helps clear mucus from your lungs to prevent chest infections. Your Lung Tests Explained Information and advice for patients Respiratory Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust Lung Function Tests What is this test? A pulmonary (lung) function test (or PFT) is a series of different breathing tests which assess: how much air you can quickly force out of your lungs, the capacity and volume of air in your lungs on Sep 10, 2020 · Like the inner tube of bicycle or car tyre, damage to the lungs can lead to a puncture. Symptoms vary depending on whether the lung collapse is due to air between the chest wall and lungs (pneumothorax) or deflation of the small air sacs (alveoli) within the lungs (atelectasis). Oct 19, 2021 · Pneumothorax is the medical term for a collapsed lung. Scarring of lung tissue. A pneumothorax happens when air leaks into the pleural cavity. In most cases, the body heals the damage, and the lungs function normally. In most cases, only some of the lung collapses. Should I just go to my GP to get booked off longer or to hospital? My wife is admitted to hospital with 4 broken ribs 1 punctured the lung an liver damage. scot. The contacts in the leaflets are unable to give advice or discuss individuals’ symptoms or cases unless that patient has been assessed and treated by the RBFT team in question. Mark Coyle on Twitter: "Three years after this (collarbone in bits, eight broken ribs, a punctured lung, four operations and lots of physio), my #NHS care is over. This problem is known as pneumothorax. Spontaneous pneumothorax is thought to be due to a tiny tear of an outer part of the lung. Common signs include sudden sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, and rapid heartbeat. They can occur following injury or spontaneously. The pleural space normally contains a tiny amount of fluid (around 10mL) which helps the lung tissue to glide comfortably against the muscles as they inflate and deflate during breathing. The valve allows air to escape out of your chest and stops the build-up of air around the lung, which can be dangerous. e. The condition is sometimes known as a ‘punctured lung’. Your symptoms will vary, depending on the type of pneumococcal infection you have. Some common symptoms include: a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100. Apr 5, 2023 · Punctured Lung Symptoms. Illnesses, infections and disorders of the lungs and airways Sep 18, 2018 · Hemopneumothorax is a combination of two medical conditions: pneumothorax and hemothorax. Oct 17, 2024 · A collapsed lung, also called a pneumothorax, occurs when air enters the area between the lung and the chest wall, known as the pleural space. In BHD, they are thought to be caused by lung cysts bursting and releasing air into the gap between the lung and the chest wall. Punctured lung (neck placement only) It is possible that the top of the lung could get punctured during the procedure causing it to collapse (pneumothorax). Facial flushing for a few days. Symptoms are normally more severe in SSP, even if the pneumothorax is relatively small in size: Due to pre-existing chronic lung disease, the lungs tend to have less reserve, i. Go to the doctor or emergency room immediately if you experience sudden chest pain, or any other symptoms of a collapsed lung such as difficulty breathing, nasal flaring, chest tightness, and easy fatigue. Feb 15, 2023 · Tear in a lung. Learn about a punctured lung, including what What are the symptoms of pneumothorax? If you have these symptoms, you should seek immediate attention either at your doctor’s office or in an emergency room where you will likely have a thoracic surgery consultation. This is known as a spontaneous pneumothorax. This is when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall, causing some or all of a lung to collapse. Do not try to self-diagnose the cause of shortness of breath – always see a GP. Treatment of a pneumothorax A pneumothorax is a collapsed lung. Surgery 17 hours ago · As many as one in 3,000 people could be carrying a faulty gene that significantly increases their risk of a punctured lung, according to new estimates from Cambridge researchers. May 17, 2024 · A pneumothorax (collapsed lung) occurs when air is trapped between a lung and the chest wall. A tension pneumothorax is when there is increasing pressure in the air around your lung. Punctured Lung (Pneumothorax) Punctured Lung Symptoms. What causes punctured lungs? Often, punctured lungs are caused by an injury, but in BHD they occur without injury. Air leaks out of the lungs and collects in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. Gallery 2022. Broken Rib Punctured Lung. Pneumothorax. Punctured Lung: Symptoms, Treatments, and Recovery in 2022 South Tees Hospitals NHS University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust Derriford Road Crownhill Plymouth Devon PL6 8DH. certain types of chest infections, diseases causing lung scarring, connective tissue diseases, or cancers affecting the lung. The bottom two ribs rarely break because they can move more than the upper and middle ribs. Symptoms can vary in intensity among individuals. A small flexible camera is carefully passed through your nose or mouth into your lung. Sometimes this happens spontaneously, and no cause is ever found. A pneumothorax can cause a ‘collapsed lung’ when the air in your pleural space pushes on your lung. Feb 1, 2022 · A punctured lung, or collapsed lung, can be a complete collapse, or it can affect just one portion of the lung. May 30, 2023 · A pneumothorax can happen more commonly in smokers. For females - temporary alteration of your menstrual cycle. Pneumothorax can be caused by a wound to the chest or lung, for example, the lung being punctured by a rib. A fractured rib, for example, could puncture the lung. hold a pillow against your chest if you need to cough. Collapsed lung can be caused by an injury to the lung. 04. 1 day ago · The good news is that the punctured lung usually happens 10 to 20 years before the individual shows symptoms of kidney cancer, so we can keep an eye on them, screen them every year, and if we see 17 hours ago · “The good news is that the punctured lung usually happens 10 to 20 years before the individual shows symptoms of kidney cancer, so we can keep an eye on them, screen them every year, and if we see the tumour it should still be early enough to cure it. A lung contusion is bruising or bleeding of the lung tissue that may cause pain and trouble breathing. As air leaks out, it builds up in the cavity between the lung and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. But the ends of a broken lower rib can cause serious harm to the spleen, liver or a kidney. The jagged end of a broken middle rib can punch a hole in a lung and cause it to cave in. However, several rare inherited conditions can cause a lung collapse including BHD. Do not make the decision to "wait and see" on your own, as delay in treating a punctured lung can lead to complications. Your lungs should slowly absorb any remaining air trapped in the chest, but this can take several weeks. What if my symptoms return? Please attend the nearest emergency department if your symptoms return (chest pain and/or breathlessness). Oct 30, 2024 · What are the Symptoms of Pneumothorax? Symptoms normally come on almost immediately and commonly begin with chest pain. What symptoms might I get? The most common symptoms are sudden shortness of breath and chest pain (which may be sharp and worse with coughing and breathing). It’s usually caused by an injury, like a car accident or gunshot wound, but can also occur in people with lung disease or heavy smokers. Download. In more severe cases, symptoms will develop rapidly and may lead to shock. 2025 - As many as one in 3,000 people could be carrying a faulty gene that significantly increases their risk of a punctured lung, according to new estimates from Cambridge researchers. Air around the lung; Air outside the lung; Pneumothorax dropped lung; Spontaneous pneumothorax. Hypoxemia (decreased blood-oxygen levels) is usually present and may be observed as cyanosis (blue discoloration of the lips and skin). If this happens the doctor may need to insert a drain to reinflate your lungs. A pulmonary contusion often shows few symptoms in the beginning. The trapped air and mucus in your lungs make it harder to breathe and your lungs become overinflated. This buildup of air puts pressure on the lung, so it cannot expand Lung contusion. The main symptoms of a pneumothorax are sudden chest pain and shortness of breath. Why do I need it? Your doctors are concerned that the puncture (hole) in your lung is not fully healed. They may also use an ultrasound scan to look inside the chest. A punctured lung in dogs typically occurs after some traumatic event such as being involved in a car accident or, in the case of a small dog, being attacked by a larger dog. This allows your provider to check your progress and give you oxygen, if necessary. Was Jun 9, 2024 · Pneumothorax occurs if the membrane around the lung is damaged. walk around and sometimes move your shoulders to help you breathe and clear mucus from your lungs. The particular type of CT scan is called a pulmonary angiogram. Severity of symptoms may depend on how much of the lung is collapsed. This can be done through surgery or by injecting a chemical into the space between the lung and chest wall to stick them together (called ‘pleurodesis’). Learn about the symptoms of a punctured lung. Today is the second day and I feel worse. following symptoms: • pain that is not controlled (even after taking the pain relief medication your doctor has prescribed) • pain that affects you being able to take a deep breath, cough or mobilise (move) • new neurological symptoms (for example, pins and needles or numbness) 1 day ago · The gene in question, FLCN, is linked to a condition known as Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, symptoms of which include benign skin tumors, lung cysts, and an increased risk of kidney cancer. . Aug 8, 2024 · The blood creates a fibrinous patch on the lung (autologous blood patch), sealing the air leak. Lungs and airways. Symptoms of a pneumothorax can be caused by a variety of health problems, and some can be life-threatening, so seek medical attention. It is a fairly common condition and often affects young people, particularly tall men, possibly because their lung is stretched out more within their ribcage. However, in the case of more serious damage, scar tissue forms. Are there any alternatives? Sep 9, 2020 · As many as one in 100 patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 develop a pneumothorax—a 'punctured lung' - according to a study led by Cambridge researchers. This complication is called pneumothorax. The pleural space is between the outside of the lungs and the inside of the chest wall. The medical name of this condition is pneumothorax. What are the symptoms of a collapsed lung? You may notice: a sudden, sharp, stabbing pain in your chest. A pneumothorax is a condition where air has leaked from the lung into the pleural space (the space between the lung and the chest wall). Moreover, penetrating trauma from a bullet, knife, or other sharp object can directly puncture the lung. What are the symptoms of a punctured lung? Symptoms of a punctured lung can vary significantly. Sep 28, 2023 · Hyperinflated lungs happen when the airways in your lungs are narrow, and air and mucus can’t get out. Local anaesthetic is used to make the procedure more comfortable, and many May 30, 2024 · It’s normal for the lungs to become damaged from environmental toxins, medications, lung disease, or illnesses, including COVID-19. When a blockage occurs in the airway so the lung cannot fill up with air or if a hole or weakened place develops in the lung allowing air to escape, the lung can collapse like a balloon that has lost its air. Punctured Lung Overview. A punctured lung injury will need to be diagnosed by a medical professional so that the correct treatment is provided. A large pneumothorax can squash the lung and cause it to collapse. The term ‘spontaneous primary pneumothorax’ means it has developed for no reason in a healthy person. There are rarer genetic lung conditions which can predispose people to lung damage who can develop a pneumothorax because of this. In minor cases, you may not realize you have a pneumothorax. The risk is higher (1 in 10) if you have a special type of lung biopsy called a transbronchial biopsy: your doctor will discuss this with you if you are having this type of biopsy. Take Prescribed Medications. The symptoms of a punctured lung vary depending on the extent of the collapse, but some symptoms are common in many cases. One in 3,000 people at risk of punctured lung from faulty gene—almost 100 times higher than previous estimate April 7 2025 1/5 A collapsed lung occurs when air escapes from the lung. What is the primary cause of pneumothorax? Pneumothorax is frequently a result of a puncture or tear in the lung tissue, typically caused by chest trauma. Typical symptoms include: Symptoms in SSPs tend to be more severe than in PSPs, as the unaffected lungs are generally unable to replace the loss of function in the affected lungs. Collapsed lung Information for patients, relatives and carers Introduction A collapsed lung, (medically known as a pneumothorax) occurs when air becomes trapped in the space between the lung and the chest wall. 1 day ago · 7. Symptoms of a Punctured Lung. What Is a Punctured Lung? A punctured lung, also known as a collapsed lung or a pneumothorax injury, occurs when air enters the space between the lung and the chest wall. Aug 15, 2016 · A collapsed lung happens when air enters the pleural space, the area between the lung and the chest wall. However, for your information, the main symptoms of a punctured lung are: A feeling of breathlessness. If the puncture wound is small, your doctor may choose a "wait and see" approach. Catamenial. For patients or individuals in other locations accessing this information online, you must speak to your own GP or hospital team for advice. The air then fills the space outside of the lung between the lung and chest wall. A small area of punctured lung may be able to heal on its own. This dye helps to show which blood vessels within the lung the blood clots are in. It gives a clear view of your airways and also allows your doctor to collect lung secretions or take biopsy samples. uk or contact our general enquiry line on 0300 3030 243. This means air can leak from the affected lung into the chest area. But it is important to let your doctor decide whether this is the right approach. The chest. Depending on the severity of the symptoms, medical history and allergies that may be Mar 10, 2025 · Get to the emergency room. Sudden, sharp chest pain is a hallmark symptom, frequently accompanied by shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. If this does happen, people may experience pain and/or breathlessness or have no symptoms. What are the symptoms? Symptoms depend on the size of the pneumothorax. If an individual has Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, then Jan 16, 2021 · A collapsed lung is a deflation of the lungs, which affects normal breathing and leads to chest pain. A chest x-ray can visualize broken ribs, fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary edema), lung tumors and any lung tissue damage from smoking, environmental irritants, emphysema, cystic fibrosis or previous bouts of tuberculosis. There are clear warning signs of a collapsed lung: Sudden, sharp chest pain, which worsens with coughing or taking a deep breath Mar 5, 2024 · In his latest online article, Mr Marco Scarci explores the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for pneumothorax. First, breathe into the bottom of your lungs, and then breathe deeper, making your ribs move upwards and outwards. Symptoms may include: What is pneumothorax? It is when there is air in the chest – more specifically air in the space between the lungs and chest wall – called the pleural space. Nov 25, 2019 · How long could someone live with a punctured lung before getting to the hospital? I have a lung infection and booked off work for 2 days. The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia says in most cases of spontaneous pneumothorax, a bleb (small area in the lungs filled with air ruptures) causes the leak. Causes of a collapsed lung include: Lung diseases such as pneumonia or lung cancer; Being on a breathing machine the airways inside your lungs. This can occur from an injury, such as broken ribs or a wound to the chest, but commonly occurs spontaneously. Symptoms include shortness of breath or pain on breathing - sometimes pain near the shoulder. The ribcage supports the upper body, protects internal organs, including the heart and lungs, and assists with breathing. prostatitis symptoms; hiccups; Acupuncture is also often used to treat other conditions and symptoms, including: joint and muscle pain; jaw pain; cancer symptoms such as pain; side effects of cancer treatment such as feeling or being sick from chemotherapy; feeling sick or being sick after surgery Sep 18, 2018 · Ribs that have been fractured by a blunt trauma may also cause further injuries, like punctured lungs or damaged blood vessels. Injury, lung disease or surgery could cause scarring. Air enters and forms a pocket of trapped air around the lung, which squashes the lung. If there is a wound to the chest it should be covered with a dressing. The sharp points of the broken bone can puncture the chest out of your pleural space to allow your lung to expand fully. How long does it take a punctured lung to heal? Most of the time, a punctured lung can heal in a few days to two weeks. regularly take slow, deep breaths to help clear your lungs Nov 16, 2023 · If you have a collapsed lung, you may be in the hospital for a couple of days or longer for treatment and monitoring. This pressure from the air building up and pushing on the outside of the lung causes it to give way. Jun 7, 2017 · The accumulation of fluid there can cause breathing difficulties and lung infections. I lived my life like normal, except when I bent over or got out of bed, I felt this strange bubbling sensation in my stomach/lung area. Flail chest is one of the most severe outcomes of a blunt trauma to May 22, 2023 · A bruised lung causes liquid to build in the lungs and restricts oxygen flow. Breathe out. Sometimes, a collapsed lung can also happen after an injury to the chest (this is known as a traumatic pneumothorax). A pneumothorax is where air leaks out of the lung. Symptoms As the vein the pacemaker wires are inserted into lies very close to one of the lungs, there's a risk of the lung being accidentally punctured during the procedure. gets to every bit of the lung. There is a small risk of a biopsy (1 in 1000) causing a small puncture in the lung, leading to an air leak around the lung (pneumothorax). Passing a thin tube (bronchoscope) down your throat and into your lungs to look at your lungs and air passages and placing a one-way valve. Nov 8, 2023 · Various types of pneumonia, which is a lung infection, can cause atelectasis. The lungs are like a pair of balloons inside the chest that fill up with air and then relax to let air leave the body. were dangling. causing further symptoms. a lung condition called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) scarring of the lungs known as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; heart failure; lung cancer; Any treatment you may need depends on what's causing your symptoms. Jan 12, 2025 · Lungs are surrounded by a cavity called the pleural space. Aug 8, 2024 · Symptoms. the symptoms often appear at the time of the injury or shortly after. This is uncommon. However, if your symptoms get worse YOU MUST RETURN TO A&E IMMEDIATELY. Spontaneous pneumothoraces are more common in men, smokers and those with underlying lung disease. This is very rare but if it does occur, it may be necessary to have an additional tube placed in the side of the chest to re-inflate the lung. The symptoms of a punctured lung mainly affect your breathing. A sudden, sharp pain (akin to stabbing), in one side of the chest which worsens as you breathe in. Mar 10, 2020 · A punctured lung, also known as a collapsed lung or pneumothorax, can be a life-threatening condition. Jan 10, 2025 · The most common lung scan to be used is an X-ray test called a CT scan. The air can squash the lung and cause some or all of the lung to collapse. May 3, 2017 · If you suspect your dog has a punctured lung, you are likely wondering about what the symptoms of a punctured lung in a dog would be. lung. Another cause of spontaneous pneumothorax are blebs (a small collection of air between the lung and the outer surface of the lung (visceral pleura); these are likely formed during embyrogenesis and mostly affect young men. Your pleural space is a hollow area (cavity) between your lungs and underneath your chest wall. Usually this happens near the top of your lung and causes air to form a pocket between the lung and chest wall. Recognizing symptoms and knowing when to seek medical attention is extremely important. Patients may also experience anxiety due to difficulty breathing. Jan 9, 2025 · Symptoms of pneumococcal infections. Think of a brick attached to a bungee cord. If you are having biopsies Nov 26, 2020 · Pneumothorax occurs when air gets in between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This buildup of air puts pressure on the lung, so it cannot expand as much as it normally does when you take a breath. Telephone: 01752 202082 May 23, 2023 · Another potential complication of a broken rib is a punctured lung. This is the space between the outside of your lung and your ribcage. com Sep 7, 2022 · If you need a document we’ve published in a different format email info@lanarkshire. Known as a pneumothorax, this condition typically affects very tall young men or older patients with severe underlying lung disease. Lung collapse prevents the lung from expanding when inhaling. • Pneumothorax: Very occasionally, the catheter electrodes can puncture the lung wall. Read on to learn more about this injury and what it means. This then causes the lung to collapse away from the chest wall. Ripped spleen, liver or kidneys. Pneumothorax, which is also known as a collapsed lung, happens when there is air outside the lung, in the Like the inner tube of bicycle or car tyre, damage to the lungs can lead to a puncture. You should also go to the hospital if you have other symptoms of esophageal perforation. Aug 16, 2022 · The assessment of punctured lungs is done by measuring size and depth of the wound and responses of the lungs to it. aqyxox fapyb pmni tkdu poxyc vivuio dlzrm jkyor qrgj txumiqf isk jgvd luwbdz jaieca cmts